Procedural Caves - Cellular Automata#
procedural_caves_cellular.py#
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This example procedurally develops a random cave based on cellular automata.
For more information, see:
https://gamedevelopment.tutsplus.com/tutorials/generate-random-cave-levels-using-cellular-automata--gamedev-9664
If Python and Arcade are installed, this example can be run from the command line with:
python -m arcade.examples.procedural_caves_cellular
"""
import random
import arcade
import timeit
from pyglet.math import Vec2
# Sprite scaling. Make this larger, like 0.5 to zoom in and add
# 'mystery' to what you can see. Make it smaller, like 0.1 to see
# more of the map.
SPRITE_SCALING = 0.25
SPRITE_SIZE = 128 * SPRITE_SCALING
# How big the grid is
GRID_WIDTH = 450
GRID_HEIGHT = 400
# Parameters for cellular automata
CHANCE_TO_START_ALIVE = 0.4
DEATH_LIMIT = 3
BIRTH_LIMIT = 4
NUMBER_OF_STEPS = 4
# How fast the player moves
MOVEMENT_SPEED = 5
# How close the player can get to the edge before we scroll.
VIEWPORT_MARGIN = 300
# How big the window is
WINDOW_WIDTH = 800
WINDOW_HEIGHT = 600
WINDOW_TITLE = "Procedural Caves Cellular Automata Example"
# How fast the camera pans to the player. 1.0 is instant.
CAMERA_SPEED = 0.1
def create_grid(width, height):
""" Create a two-dimensional grid of specified size. """
return [[0 for _x in range(width)] for _y in range(height)]
def initialize_grid(grid):
""" Randomly set grid locations to on/off based on chance. """
height = len(grid)
width = len(grid[0])
for row in range(height):
for column in range(width):
if random.random() <= CHANCE_TO_START_ALIVE:
grid[row][column] = 1
def count_alive_neighbors(grid, x, y):
""" Count neighbors that are alive. """
height = len(grid)
width = len(grid[0])
alive_count = 0
for i in range(-1, 2):
for j in range(-1, 2):
neighbor_x = x + i
neighbor_y = y + j
if i == 0 and j == 0:
continue
elif neighbor_x < 0 or neighbor_y < 0 or neighbor_y >= height or neighbor_x >= width:
# Edges are considered alive. Makes map more likely to appear naturally closed.
alive_count += 1
elif grid[neighbor_y][neighbor_x] == 1:
alive_count += 1
return alive_count
def do_simulation_step(old_grid):
""" Run a step of the cellular automaton. """
height = len(old_grid)
width = len(old_grid[0])
new_grid = create_grid(width, height)
for x in range(width):
for y in range(height):
alive_neighbors = count_alive_neighbors(old_grid, x, y)
if old_grid[y][x] == 1:
if alive_neighbors < DEATH_LIMIT:
new_grid[y][x] = 0
else:
new_grid[y][x] = 1
else:
if alive_neighbors > BIRTH_LIMIT:
new_grid[y][x] = 1
else:
new_grid[y][x] = 0
return new_grid
class InstructionView(arcade.View):
""" View to show instructions """
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.frame_count = 0
def on_show_view(self):
""" This is run once when we switch to this view """
arcade.set_background_color(arcade.csscolor.DARK_SLATE_BLUE)
# Reset the viewport, necessary if we have a scrolling game and we need
# to reset the viewport back to the start so we can see what we draw.
arcade.set_viewport(0, self.window.width, 0, self.window.height)
def on_draw(self):
""" Draw this view """
self.clear()
arcade.draw_text("Loading...", self.window.width / 2, self.window.height / 2,
arcade.color.BLACK, font_size=50, anchor_x="center")
def on_update(self, dt):
if self.frame_count == 0:
self.frame_count += 1
return
""" If the user presses the mouse button, start the game. """
game_view = GameView()
game_view.setup()
self.window.show_view(game_view)
class GameView(arcade.View):
"""
Main application class.
"""
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.grid = None
self.wall_list = None
self.player_list = None
self.player_sprite = None
self.draw_time = 0
self.processing_time = 0
self.physics_engine = None
# Track the current state of what key is pressed
self.left_pressed = False
self.right_pressed = False
self.up_pressed = False
self.down_pressed = False
# Create the cameras. One for the GUI, one for the sprites.
# We scroll the 'sprite world' but not the GUI.
self.camera_sprites = arcade.Camera(self.window.width, self.window.height)
self.camera_gui = arcade.Camera(self.window.width, self.window.height)
arcade.set_background_color(arcade.color.BLACK)
self.sprite_count_text = None
self.draw_time_text = None
self.processing_time_text = None
def setup(self):
self.wall_list = arcade.SpriteList(use_spatial_hash=True)
self.player_list = arcade.SpriteList()
# Create cave system using a 2D grid
self.grid = create_grid(GRID_WIDTH, GRID_HEIGHT)
initialize_grid(self.grid)
for step in range(NUMBER_OF_STEPS):
self.grid = do_simulation_step(self.grid)
# Create sprites based on 2D grid
# Each grid location is a sprite.
for row in range(GRID_HEIGHT):
for column in range(GRID_WIDTH):
if self.grid[row][column] == 1:
wall = arcade.Sprite(":resources:images/tiles/grassCenter.png", SPRITE_SCALING)
wall.center_x = column * SPRITE_SIZE + SPRITE_SIZE / 2
wall.center_y = row * SPRITE_SIZE + SPRITE_SIZE / 2
self.wall_list.append(wall)
# Set up the player
self.player_sprite = arcade.Sprite(":resources:images/animated_characters/female_person/"
"femalePerson_idle.png",
SPRITE_SCALING)
self.player_list.append(self.player_sprite)
# Randomly place the player. If we are in a wall, repeat until we aren't.
placed = False
while not placed:
# Randomly position
max_x = int(GRID_WIDTH * SPRITE_SIZE)
max_y = int(GRID_HEIGHT * SPRITE_SIZE)
self.player_sprite.center_x = random.randrange(max_x)
self.player_sprite.center_y = random.randrange(max_y)
# Are we in a wall?
walls_hit = arcade.check_for_collision_with_list(self.player_sprite, self.wall_list)
if len(walls_hit) == 0:
# Not in a wall! Success!
placed = True
self.scroll_to_player(1.0)
self.physics_engine = arcade.PhysicsEngineSimple(self.player_sprite,
self.wall_list)
# Draw info on the screen
sprite_count = len(self.wall_list)
output = f"Sprite Count: {sprite_count:,}"
self.sprite_count_text = arcade.Text(output,
20,
self.window.height - 20,
arcade.color.WHITE, 16)
output = "Drawing time:"
self.draw_time_text = arcade.Text(output,
20,
self.window.height - 40,
arcade.color.WHITE, 16)
output = "Processing time:"
self.processing_time_text = arcade.Text(output,
20,
self.window.height - 60,
arcade.color.WHITE, 16)
def on_draw(self):
""" Render the screen. """
# Start timing how long this takes
draw_start_time = timeit.default_timer()
# This command should happen before we start drawing. It will clear
# the screen to the background color, and erase what we drew last frame.
self.clear()
# Select the camera we'll use to draw all our sprites
self.camera_sprites.use()
# Draw the sprites
self.wall_list.draw()
self.player_list.draw()
# Select the (unscrolled) camera for our GUI
self.camera_gui.use()
self.sprite_count_text.draw()
output = f"Drawing time: {self.draw_time:.3f}"
self.draw_time_text.text = output
self.draw_time_text.draw()
output = f"Processing time: {self.processing_time:.3f}"
self.processing_time_text.text = output
self.processing_time_text.draw()
self.draw_time = timeit.default_timer() - draw_start_time
def update_player_speed(self):
# Calculate speed based on the keys pressed
self.player_sprite.change_x = 0
self.player_sprite.change_y = 0
if self.up_pressed and not self.down_pressed:
self.player_sprite.change_y = MOVEMENT_SPEED
elif self.down_pressed and not self.up_pressed:
self.player_sprite.change_y = -MOVEMENT_SPEED
if self.left_pressed and not self.right_pressed:
self.player_sprite.change_x = -MOVEMENT_SPEED
elif self.right_pressed and not self.left_pressed:
self.player_sprite.change_x = MOVEMENT_SPEED
def on_key_press(self, key, modifiers):
"""Called whenever a key is pressed. """
if key == arcade.key.UP:
self.up_pressed = True
elif key == arcade.key.DOWN:
self.down_pressed = True
elif key == arcade.key.LEFT:
self.left_pressed = True
elif key == arcade.key.RIGHT:
self.right_pressed = True
def on_key_release(self, key, modifiers):
"""Called when the user releases a key. """
if key == arcade.key.UP:
self.up_pressed = False
elif key == arcade.key.DOWN:
self.down_pressed = False
elif key == arcade.key.LEFT:
self.left_pressed = False
elif key == arcade.key.RIGHT:
self.right_pressed = False
def scroll_to_player(self, speed=CAMERA_SPEED):
"""
Scroll the window to the player.
if CAMERA_SPEED is 1, the camera will immediately move to the desired position.
Anything between 0 and 1 will have the camera move to the location with a smoother
pan.
"""
position = Vec2(self.player_sprite.center_x - self.window.width / 2,
self.player_sprite.center_y - self.window.height / 2)
self.camera_sprites.move_to(position, speed)
self.camera_sprites.update()
def on_resize(self, width, height):
"""
Resize window
Handle the user grabbing the edge and resizing the window.
"""
self.camera_sprites.resize(int(width), int(height))
self.camera_gui.resize(int(width), int(height))
def on_update(self, delta_time):
""" Movement and game logic """
start_time = timeit.default_timer()
# Call update on all sprites (The sprites don't do much in this
# example though.)
self.update_player_speed()
self.physics_engine.update()
# Scroll the screen to the player
self.scroll_to_player()
# Save the time it took to do this.
self.processing_time = timeit.default_timer() - start_time
def main():
window = arcade.Window(WINDOW_WIDTH, WINDOW_HEIGHT, WINDOW_TITLE, resizable=True)
start_view = InstructionView()
window.show_view(start_view)
arcade.run()
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
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